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exotic places

  • 1 exotic

    [ɪg'zɒtɪk]
    aggettivo esotico
    * * *
    [iɡ'zotik]
    1) (unusual or colourful: exotic clothes.) esotico
    2) (brought or introduced from a foreign country: exotic plants.) esotico
    * * *
    exotic /ɪgˈzɒtɪk/
    A a.
    ( anche fig.) esotico: exotic places, luoghi esotici; exotic tastes, gusti esotici
    B n.
    2 (zool.) animale esotico
    ● exotic dancer, spogliarellista
    exotically avv. exoticness n. [u].
    * * *
    [ɪg'zɒtɪk]
    aggettivo esotico

    English-Italian dictionary > exotic

  • 2 wherever

    1. adverb
    1) (in whatever place) wo immer

    or wherever — oder wo immer; oder sonstwo (ugs.)

    2) (to whatever place) wohin immer

    I shall go wherever I like — ich gehe, wohin ich will

    or wherever — oder wohin immer; oder sonstwohin (ugs.)

    3) (coll.): (where ever)

    wherever in the world have you been? — wo in aller Welt hast du bloß gesteckt?

    2. conjunction
    1) (in every place that) überall [da], wo

    do it wherever possible — tun Sie es, wo od. wenn [irgend] möglich

    2) (to every place that) wohin auch

    wherever he went — wohin er auch ging

    3. pronoun
    wo... auch

    wherever you're going to — wo du auch hingehst; wohin du auch gehst

    * * *
    1) (no matter where: I'll follow you wherever you may go; Wherever he is he will be thinking of you.) wo auch immer
    2) ((to or in) any place that: Go wherever he tells you to go.) ganz gleich wo
    * * *
    wher·ever
    [(h)weəˈrevəʳ, AM (h)werˈevɚ]
    I. conj
    1. (in, to whatever place) wohin auch immer
    we can go \wherever you like du kannst gehen, wo auch immer du hinwillst
    2. (in all places) wo auch immer
    \wherever you look there are pictures wohin du auch schaust, überall sind Bilder
    it should be available \wherever you go to shop man sollte es in allen herkömmlichen Läden bekommen
    II. adv inv
    1. (in every case) wann immer
    \wherever possible I use honey instead of sugar ich verwende, wenn möglich, immer Honig statt Zucker
    2. interrog (where) wo [nur]
    \wherever did you find that hat? wo hast du nur diesen Hut gefunden?
    \wherever does he get the money to go on all those exotic journeys? wo hat er nur das Geld her, um so viele exotische Reisen machen zu können?
    \wherever did you get that idea! wie bist du nur auf diese Idee gekommen!
    \wherever can he have gone to? wo kann er nur hingefahren sein?
    it is bound to have originated in Taiwan or \wherever das muss aus Taiwan oder so kommen fam
    * * *
    [wɛər'evə(r)]
    1. conj
    1) (= no matter where) egal or einerlei wo, wo (auch) immer

    wherever it came from — egal or einerlei or ganz gleich, woher es kommt, woher es auch kommt

    we'll go wherever you like — wir gehen, wohin Sie wollen

    he comes from Bishopbriggs, wherever that is or may be — er kommt aus Bishopbriggs, wo auch immer das sein mag

    3) (= everywhere) überall wo

    wherever you see this sign — überall, wo Sie dieses Zeichen sehen

    2. adv
    wo nur, wo bloß
    * * *
    wherever [weərˈevə(r); hweər-] adv & konj
    1. wo(hin) auch immer; ganz gleich, wo(hin)
    2. wo(hin) denn (nur):
    wherever could he be? wo kann er denn (nur) sein?
    * * *
    1. adverb

    sit wherever you like — setz dich, wohin du magst

    or wherever — oder wo immer; oder sonstwo (ugs.)

    2) (to whatever place) wohin immer

    I shall go wherever I like — ich gehe, wohin ich will

    or wherever — oder wohin immer; oder sonstwohin (ugs.)

    3) (coll.): (where ever)
    2. conjunction
    1) (in every place that) überall [da], wo

    do it wherever possible — tun Sie es, wo od. wenn [irgend] möglich

    2) (to every place that) wohin auch
    3. pronoun
    wo... auch

    wherever you're going to — wo du auch hingehst; wohin du auch gehst

    * * *
    adv.
    wo auch immer adv.
    wo immer adv.

    English-german dictionary > wherever

  • 3 wild

    1. adjective
    1) wild lebend [Tier]; wild wachsend [Pflanze]
    2) (rough) unzivilisiert; (bleak) wild [Landschaft, Gegend]
    3) (unrestrained) wild; ungezügelt; wild, wüst [Bursche, Unordnung, Durcheinander]

    run wild — [Pferd, Hund:] frei herumlaufen; [Kind:] herumtoben; [Pflanzen:] wuchern

    4) (stormy) stürmisch; tobend [Wellen]
    5) rasend [Wut, Zorn, Eifersucht, Beifall]; unbändig [Freude, Wut, Zorn, Schmerz]; wild [Erregung, Zorn, Geschrei]; panisch [Angst]; irr [Blick]

    be/become wild [with something] — [vor etwas (Dat.)] außer sich (Dat.) sein/außer sich (Akk.) geraten

    send or drive somebody wild — jemanden rasend vor Erregung machen

    6) (coll.): (very keen)

    be wild about somebody/something — wild auf jemanden/etwas sein

    I'm not wild about it — ich bin nicht wild darauf (ugs.)

    7) (coll.): (angry) wütend

    be wild with or at somebody — eine Wut auf jemanden haben

    8) (reckless) ungezielt [Schuss, Schlag]; unbedacht [Verhalten, Versprechen, Gerede]; aus der Luft gegriffen [Anschuldigungen, Behauptungen]; maßlos [Übertreibung]; irrwitzig [Plan, Idee, Versuch, Hoffnung]
    2. noun

    the wild[s] — die Wildnis

    see an animal in the wild — ein Tier in freier Wildbahn sehen

    in the wilds — (coll.) in der Pampa (ugs.)

    * * *
    1) ((of animals) not tamed: wolves and other wild animals.) wild
    2) ((of land) not cultivated.) verwildert
    3) (uncivilized or lawless; savage: wild tribes.) wild
    4) (very stormy; violent: a wild night at sea; a wild rage.) wild
    5) (mad, crazy, insane etc: wild with hunger; wild with anxiety.) verrückt
    6) (rash: a wild hope.) unsinnig
    7) (not accurate or reliable: a wild guess.) wild
    8) (very angry.) rasend
    •
    - academic.ru/93772/wildly">wildly
    - wildness
    - wildfire: spread like wildfire
    - wildfowl
    - wild-goose chase
    - wildlife
    - in the wild
    - the wilds
    - the Wild West
    * * *
    [waɪld]
    I. adj
    1. inv (not domesticated) wild; cat, duck, goose Wild-
    lions and tigers are \wild animals Tiger und Löwen leben in freier Wildbahn
    \wild horse Wildpferd nt
    \wild flowers wild wachsende Blumen
    3. (uncivilized) people unzivilisiert; behaviour undiszipliniert; situation chaotisch
    to lead a \wild life ein zügelloses Leben führen
    \wild and woolly esp BRIT ungehobelt
    4. (uncontrolled) unbändig; (disorderly) wirr
    a wave of \wild fury overcame her sie wurde von unbändiger Wut gepackt
    he had this \wild look in his eye er hatte diesen verstörten Blick
    \wild hair/hairstyle wirres Haar/wirre Frisur
    \wild party wilde [o ausgelassene] Party
    \wild talk wirres Gerede
    5. (stormy) wind, weather rau, stürmisch
    6. (excited) wild, ungezügelt; (not sensible) verrückt fam
    \wild applause stürmischer [o tosender] Applaus
    in \wild rage in blinder Wut
    to be/go \wild außer sich dat sein/geraten, aus dem Häuschen sein/geraten fam
    to go \wild with excitement in helle Aufregung geraten
    7. ( fam: angry) wütend, außer sich dat
    ▪ to be \wild with [or at] sb/sth auf jdn/etw wütend sein
    to be \wild with fury vor Wut [ganz] außer sich dat sein
    to drive sb \wild jdn rasend machen [o fam in Rage bringen]
    to go \wild aus der Haut fahren fam
    ▪ to be \wild about sb/sth auf jdn/etw ganz wild [o versessen] sein
    ▪ to be \wild to do sth wild [o versessen] [o sl scharf] darauf sein, etw zu tun
    9. (not accurate) ungezielt; (imaginative) wild
    their estimate of the likely cost was pretty \wild sie hatten wilde Vorstellungen von den voraussichtlichen Kosten
    beyond one's \wildest dreams mehr als je erträumt
    they had been successful beyond their \wildest dreams sie waren erfolgreicher, als sie es sich je erträumt hatten
    never in one's \wildest dreams auch in seinen kühnsten Träumen nicht
    to make a \wild guess wild drauflosraten fam
    a \wild plan [or scheme] ein unausgegorener Plan
    \wild throw Fehlwurf m
    10. (extreme) stark, heftig
    \wild variations enorme Unterschiede
    11. inv CARDS beliebig einsetzbar
    12. ( fam: great) klasse fam, geil sl
    this music is really \wild, man diese Musik ist echt geil, Mann
    13.
    ▶ \wild horses couldn't [or wouldn't] make me do sth keine zehn Pferde könnten mich dazu bringen, etw zu tun fam
    ▶ to sow one's \wild oats sich dat die Hörner abstoßen fam
    II. adv inv wild
    to grow \wild wild wachsen
    to live \wild (person, animals) in Freiheit leben; (esp exotic animals) in freier Wildbahn leben
    to run \wild child, person sich dat selbst überlassen sein; animals frei herumlaufen; garden verwildern; plants ins Kraut schießen
    III. n
    1. (natural environment)
    ▪ the \wild die Wildnis
    in the \wilds of Africa im tiefsten Afrika
    to survive in the \wild in freier Wildbahn überleben
    ▪ the \wilds pl die Pampa f kein pl oft hum fam
    ▪ [out] in the \wilds in der Pampa fig, oft hum fam, jwd hum fam
    in the \wilds of Edmonton im hintersten Edmonton
    * * *
    [waɪld]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) (= not domesticated, not civilized) wild; people unzivilisiert; garden, wood verwildert; flowers wild wachsend

    wild animals — Tiere pl in freier Wildbahn

    the wild animals of Northern Europe — Tiere pl Nordeuropas, die Tierwelt Nordeuropas

    2) (= stormy) weather, wind, sea rau, stürmisch
    3) (= excited, frantic, unruly, riotous) wild (with vor +dat); (= disordered) hair wirr, unordentlich; joy, desire unbändig
    4) (inf: angry) wütend (with, at mit, auf +acc), rasend
    5) (inf

    = very keen) to be wild about sb/sth — auf jdn/etw wild or scharf (inf) or versessen sein

    to be wild to do sth (esp US) — wild or scharf (inf) or versessen darauf sein, etw zu tun

    6) (= rash, extravagant) verrückt; promise unüberlegt; exaggeration maßlos, wild; allegation wild; fluctuations stark; expectations, imagination, fancies kühn
    7) (= wide of the mark, erratic) Fehl-; spelling unsicher

    it was just/he took a wild guess — es war/er hatte nur so (wild) drauflosgeraten

    9) (inf: fantastic, great) film, concert etc toll (inf)
    2. adv
    1) (= in the natural state) grow wild; run frei

    the roses/the children have run wild — die Rosen/die Kinder sind verwildert

    he lets his kids run wild (pej) — er lässt seine Kinder auf der Straße aufwachsen

    in the country the kids can run wild — auf dem Land kann man die Kinder einfach laufen or herumspringen lassen

    2) (= without aim) shoot ins Blaue, drauflos; (= off the mark) go, throw daneben
    3. n
    Wildnis f

    in the wild — in der Wildnis, in freier Wildbahn

    * * *
    wild [waıld]
    A adj (adv wildly)
    1. ZOOL wild:
    a) ungezähmt, in Freiheit lebend, frei lebend
    b) gefährlich
    2. BOT wild (wachsend):
    wild honey wilder Honig; → oat 1
    3. wild:
    a) verwildert, wildromantisch
    b) verlassen (Gegend etc)
    4. wild, unzivilisiert (Stämme etc)
    5. wild, stürmisch (Küste etc)
    6. wild, wütend, heftig (Streit, Sturm etc)
    7. irr, verstört, wild (Blick)
    8. wild:
    the horse got wild das Pferd scheute
    9. wild:
    a) rasend, außer sich ( beide:
    with vor dat)
    b) umg wütend ( about über akk):
    wild pain rasender Schmerz;
    wild rage rasende Wut;
    be wild with enthusiasm vor Begeisterung rasen;
    wild with fear wahnsinnig vor Angst sein;
    drive sb wild umg jemanden wild machen, jemanden zur Raserei oder in Rage bringen
    10. a) wild, nicht zu bändigen(d), ungezügelt (Kinder, Leidenschaft etc)
    b) frenetisch (Applaus)
    11. wild, ausgelassen, unbändig (Fröhlichkeit etc)
    12. umg
    a) wild, toll, verrückt
    b) ausschweifend:
    wild years tolle oder bewegte Jahre;
    wild youth stürmische Jugend;
    wild orgies wilde Orgien
    13. (about) umg (ganz) versessen (auf akk), wild (nach)
    14. hirnverbrannt umg, unsinnig, abenteuerlich (Plan etc)
    15. plan-, ziellos, aufs Geratewohl:
    a wild blow ein ungezielter Schlag;
    a wild guess eine grobe Schätzung;
    at a wild guess grob geschätzt;
    make a wild guess grob schätzen;
    a wild shot ein Schuss ins Blaue
    16. wüst, wild (Durcheinander etc):
    wild hair wirres Haar
    B adv (blind) drauflos, aufs Geratewohl, ins Blaue (hinein):
    a) BOT ins Kraut schießen,
    b) verwildern (Garten etc; a. fig Kinder etc);
    shoot wild ins Blaue schießen, blind drauflosschießen;
    a) (wild) drauflosreden,
    b) sinnloses Zeug reden
    C s meist pl Wildnis f:
    in the wilds of Africa im tiefsten oder finstersten Afrika: → release A 1
    D v/i go wilding bes US sl Straßenrandale machen, auf der Straße randalieren (Jugendbande)
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) wild lebend [Tier]; wild wachsend [Pflanze]
    2) (rough) unzivilisiert; (bleak) wild [Landschaft, Gegend]
    3) (unrestrained) wild; ungezügelt; wild, wüst [Bursche, Unordnung, Durcheinander]

    run wild — [Pferd, Hund:] frei herumlaufen; [Kind:] herumtoben; [Pflanzen:] wuchern

    4) (stormy) stürmisch; tobend [Wellen]
    5) rasend [Wut, Zorn, Eifersucht, Beifall]; unbändig [Freude, Wut, Zorn, Schmerz]; wild [Erregung, Zorn, Geschrei]; panisch [Angst]; irr [Blick]

    be/become wild [with something] — [vor etwas (Dat.)] außer sich (Dat.) sein/außer sich (Akk.) geraten

    send or drive somebody wild — jemanden rasend vor Erregung machen

    6) (coll.): (very keen)

    be wild about somebody/something — wild auf jemanden/etwas sein

    7) (coll.): (angry) wütend

    be wild with or at somebody — eine Wut auf jemanden haben

    8) (reckless) ungezielt [Schuss, Schlag]; unbedacht [Verhalten, Versprechen, Gerede]; aus der Luft gegriffen [Anschuldigungen, Behauptungen]; maßlos [Übertreibung]; irrwitzig [Plan, Idee, Versuch, Hoffnung]
    2. noun

    the wild[s] — die Wildnis

    in the wilds — (coll.) in der Pampa (ugs.)

    * * *
    nur sing. West n.
    Wildwest m.

    English-german dictionary > wild

  • 4 wherever

    wher·ever [(h)weəʼrevəʳ, Am (h)werʼevɚ] conj
    1) (in, to whatever place) wohin auch immer;
    we can go \wherever you like du kannst gehen, wo auch immer du hinwillst
    2) ( in all places) wo auch immer;
    \wherever you look there are pictures wohin du auch schaust, überall sind Bilder;
    it should be available \wherever you go to shop man sollte es in allen herkömmlichen Läden bekommen adv
    1) ( in every case) wann immer;
    \wherever possible I use honey instead of sugar ich verwende, wenn möglich, immer Honig statt Zucker
    2) interrogative ( where) wo [nur];
    \wherever did you find that hat? wo hast du nur diesen Hut gefunden?;
    \wherever does he get the money to go on all those exotic journeys? wo hat er nur das Geld her, um so viele exotische Reisen machen zu können?;
    \wherever did you get that idea! wie bist du nur auf diese Idee gekommen!;
    \wherever can he have gone to? wo kann er nur hingefahren sein?
    it is bound to have originated in Taiwan or \wherever das muss aus Taiwan oder so kommen ( fam)

    English-German students dictionary > wherever

  • 5 wild

    [waɪld] adj
    1) inv ( not domesticated) wild; cat, duck, goose Wild-;
    lions and tigers are \wild animals Tiger und Löwen leben in freier Wildbahn;
    \wild horse Wildpferd nt
    2) ( uncultivated) country, landscape rau, wild;
    \wild flowers wild wachsende Blumen
    3) ( uncivilized) people unzivilisiert; behaviour undiszipliniert; situation chaotisch;
    to lead a \wild life ein zügelloses Leben führen;
    \wild and woolly ( esp Brit) ungehobelt
    4) ( uncontrolled) unbändig;
    ( disorderly) wirr;
    a wave of \wild fury overcame her sie wurde von unbändiger Wut gepackt;
    he had this \wild look in his eye er hatte diesen verstörten Blick;
    \wild hair/ hairstyle wirres Haar/wirre Frisur;
    \wild party wilde [o ausgelassene] Party;
    \wild talk wirres Gerede
    5) ( stormy) wind, weather rau, stürmisch
    6) ( excited) wild, ungezügelt;
    ( not sensible) verrückt ( fam)
    \wild applause stürmischer [o tosender] Applaus;
    in \wild rage in blinder Wut;
    to be/go \wild außer sich dat sein/geraten, aus dem Häuschen sein/geraten ( fam)
    to go \wild with excitement in helle Aufregung geraten
    7) (fam: angry) wütend, außer sich dat;
    to be \wild with [or at] sb/ sth auf jdn/etw wütend sein;
    to be \wild with fury vor Wut [ganz] außer sich dat sein;
    to drive sb \wild jdn rasend machen [o ( fam) in Rage bringen];
    to go \wild aus der Haut fahren ( fam)
    8) (fam: enthusiastic)
    to be \wild about sb/ sth auf jdn/etw ganz wild [o versessen] sein;
    to be \wild to do sth wild [o versessen] [o (sl) scharf] darauf sein, etw zu tun
    9) ( not accurate) ungezielt;
    ( imaginative) wild;
    their estimate of the likely cost was pretty \wild sie hatten wilde Vorstellungen von den voraussichtlichen Kosten;
    beyond one's \wildest dreams mehr als je erträumt;
    they had been successful beyond their \wildest dreams sie waren erfolgreicher, als sie es sich je erträumt hatten;
    never in one's \wildest dreams auch in seinen kühnsten Träumen nicht;
    to make a \wild guess wild drauflosraten ( fam)
    a \wild plan [or scheme] ein unausgegorener Plan;
    \wild throw Fehlwurf m
    10) ( extreme) stark, heftig;
    \wild variations enorme Unterschiede
    11) inv cards beliebig einsetzbar
    12) (fam: great) klasse ( fam), geil (sl)
    this music is really \wild, man diese Musik ist echt geil, Mann
    PHRASES:
    \wild horses couldn't [or wouldn't] make me do sth keine zehn Pferde könnten mich dazu bringen, etw zu tun ( fam)
    to sow one's \wild oats sich dat die Hörner abstoßen ( fam) adv
    inv wild;
    to grow \wild wild wachsen;
    to live \wild (person, animals) in Freiheit leben;
    ( esp exotic animals) in freier Wildbahn leben;
    to run \wild child, person sich dat selbst überlassen sein; animals frei herumlaufen; garden verwildern; plants ins Kraut schießen n
    the \wild die Wildnis;
    in the \wilds of Africa im tiefsten Afrika;
    to survive in the \wild in freier Wildbahn überleben;
    2) (fig: remote places)
    the \wilds pl die Pampa f kein pl ( oft hum) ( fam)
    [out] in the \wilds in der Pampa (fig, oft hum) ( fam), jwd ( hum) ( fam)
    in the \wilds of Edmonton im hintersten Edmonton

    English-German students dictionary > wild

  • 6 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

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